Organization Behavior free essay sample

Organisational behaviour is the study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organisation. It does this by taking a system approach. That is, it interprets people-organisation relationships in terms of the whole person, whole group, whole organisation, and whole social system. Its purpose is to build better relationships by achieving human objective, organisational objectives, and social objectives. As you can see from the definition above, organisational behaviour encompasses a wide range of topics, such as human behaviour, change, leadership, teams, etc. The study of organisational behaviour involves consideration of the interaction among the formal structure, the tasks to be undertaken, the technology employed and the methods of carrying out work, the behaviour of people, the process of management, and the external environment. Task 1 1. 1 An organisational structure consists of activities such as task allocation, coordination and supervision, which are directed towards the achievement of organisational aims. It can also be considered as the viewing glass or perspective through which individuals see their organisation and its environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Organization Behavior or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Every organisation made up of more than one person will need some form of organisational structure. An organisational chart shows the way in which the chain of command works within the organisation. An organisation can be structured in many different ways, depending on their objectives. The structure of an organisation will determine the modes in which it operates and performs. Organisational structure affects organisational action in two big ways. First, it provides the foundation on which standard operating procedures and routines rest. Second, it determines which individuals get to participate in which decision-making processes, and thus to what extent their views shape the organisation’s actions. There are four main dimensions: * Specialization – the division of labour within the organisation, the distribution of official duties among a number of positions. * Standardization – procedures that occur regularly, are legitimized by the organisation, have rules that cover circumstances, and apply invariably. Formalization – the extent to which rules, procedures, instruction, and communications are written. * Centralization – where the authority to make legitimate decisions that affect the organisation is located. There are three main types of structures: * Matrix structures – provides for reporting levels both horizontally as well as vertically. * Functional structures – it is the most common structure. It groups individuals by specific functions performed. * Hierarchical structures – a series of ordered groupings of people or things within a system. Culture, in the organisational context, may be broadly defined as the sum of group’s way of thinking, believing, feeling and acting. Culture is the way of life of a group of people. More formally culture is defined as the complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by members of a society. There are four proposed criteria called dimensions for describing national culture: * Individualism versus collectivism Large or small power distance * Strong or weak uncertainty avoidance * Masculinity versus femininity 1. 2 The relationship between organisational culture and organisational structure is an important theme that is often overlooked. The two can be difficult to clearly distinguish from one another and even more so to clearly define within an institution. Organisational structure works within an organisational culture, but it is not completely separate. The two are very much intertwined. Organisational culture is more of a larger picture, a more general term that refers to a large umbrella of smaller topics and issues within an organisation. The structure refers to the infrastructure and the various methods and practises within that infrastructure that helps an organisational culture with the efficiency and consistency that should be the hallmark of any healthy organisational structure. This makes the structure an integral part of any organisational culture, but also narrows out a very specific segment of the culture as its own responsibility. Organisational structure will deal primarily with the set-up of the culture. How management works, which specific responsibilities supervisors have, how a complaint is passed through the ranks, these are all issues within the organisational culture that are directly tied to how an organisational structure works. As you can see, the relationship between organisational culture and organisational structure can be hard to tell apart, but in a fully healthy culture that is exactly what should be expected when all is functioning normally. 1. 3 There are five major factors that influence individual differences in behavioural patterns: * Demographics factors – the demographic factors are socio economic background, education, nationality, race, age, sex, etc. organisations prefer persons that belong to good socio-economic background, well educated, young as they are believed to be performing better than the others. The young and dynamic professionals that have good academic background and effective communication skills are always in great demand. * Abilities and skills – the physical capacity of an individual to do something can be termed as ability. Skill can be defined as the ability to act in a way that allows a person to perform well. The individual behaviour and performance is highly influenced by ability and skills. A person can perform well in the organisation if his abilities and skills are matched with job requirement. * Attitude – attitude can be defined as a tendency to respond favourably or unfavourably to certain objects, persons or situations. The factors such as family, society, culture, peers and organisational factors influence the formation of attitude. Personality – personality can be defined as the study of the characteristics and distinctive traits of an individual, the inter-relations between them and the way in which a person responds and adjusts to other people and situations. The several factors that influence the personality of an individual are heredity, family, culture and situation. Task 2 2. 1 In the past several decades, management experts have undergone a revolution in how they define leadership and what their attitudes are toward it. They have gone from a very classical autocratic approach to a very creative, participative approach. Somewhere along the line, it was determined that not everything old was bad and not everything new was good. Rather, different styles were needed for different organisation and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach. There are four basic leadership styles: * Autocratic leaders – which make decisions without consulting their teams. This is considered appropriate when decisions genuinely need to be taken quickly, when there’s no need for input, and when team agreement isn’t necessary for a successful outcome. Democratic leaders – they allows the team to provide input before making a decision, although the degree of input can vary from leader to leader. This type of style is important when team agreement matters, but it can be quite difficult to manage when there are lots of different perspectives and ideas. * Laissez-faire leaders – they don’t interfere; they allow people within the team to make many of the decisions. This works well when the team is highly capable and motivated, and when it doesn’t need close monitoring or supervision. However, this style can arise because the leader is lazy or distracted, and, here, this approach can fail. * Bureaucratic leaders – is where the manager managers â€Å"by the book†. Everything must be done according to procedure or policy. If it isn’t covered by the book, the manager refers to the next level above him or her. 2. 2 Organisational theory is the study of organisations for the benefit of identifying common themes for the purpose of solving problem, maximizing efficiency and productivity, and meeting the needs of stakeholders. It explains why organisation has the structure that they do like horizontal  differentiation, vertical differentiation, mechanisms of co-ordination and control, formalisation and centralisation of power. Classical theorist’s clams a single best way for organisation to be structured but theorists of today tend to believe that organisations vary considerably in structural attributes. Contingency theory claims that there is no one best way to organise. Contingency theory constraints or factor include: * The size of the organisation * How the firm adapts itself to its environment * Differences among resources and operations activities * Assumptions of managers about employees Technologies being used 2. 3 Evaluate the different approaches to management and theories of management used by two organisations. 1. Burberry * Identity of contingency approach where the form structure and management of Burberry are relative to its situations embraced in the business environment. * The group management and their teams are challenged with the responsibility of maintaining the integrity and vitality of this extraordinary brand while continuing to develop a business which remains relevant to ever-revolving markets and consumer taste. The Burberry brand is defined by its authentic British heritage, unique democratic positioning within the luxury arena, founding principles of quality, function and modern classic style, rooted in the integrity of its outerwear and globally recognised icon portfolio of the trench coat, trademark check and Prorsum horse logo. 2. Eurostar * The company highly flexible and expressive structure of Eurostar Company recognises the ability to change swiftly to meet the dynamic demands of the present business environment as a post-modern approach. Eurostar has been at the leading edge of innovation in the rail industry, setting new standards for travel by train. It was one of the first rail operators to introduce business lounges and a loyalty programme. * The management supports the learning role of employees in providing workshops to share ideas and interaction. This approach develops a good and healthy working relationship with the organisation and the reliance on customer’s feedback. Task 3 3. 1 It was one once again evident from analysing the objectivist literature that the role of the leadership is critical to the successful management of a culture program. Many argued that the primary role of any leader is to implement change and that without new leader or leadership team, coupled with a crisis, culture change is not possible. It describes how leaders have the responsibility to engage in ‘cultural visioning’ and to implement action plans that will attain the vision. New leadership has to come into place to bring a new set of assumptions and beliefs to the organisation, thus rectifying the crisis. The leadership also has to manage the conflict that inevitably comes with widespread organisational change. It places significant responsibility on the leadership to guide the company through the three stages of organisational development that it’s identified. Without visionary leadership, significant culture changes will not occur. 3. 2 Traditional theory ‘X’ – Sigmund Freud * Theory X assumes that people are lazy; they hate work to the extent that they avoid it; they have no ambition, take no initiative and avoid taking any responsibility; all they want is security, and to get them to do any work, they must be rewarded, coerced, intimidated and punished. This is the so-called ‘stick and carrot’ philosophy of management. If this theory were valid, managers will have to constantly police their staff, which they cannot trust and who will refuse to cooperate. In such an oppressive and frustrating atmosphere, both for the manager and the managed, there is no possibility of any achievement or any creative work. Theory ‘Y’ – Douglas McGregor * This is in sharp contrast to theory ‘X’. McGregor believed that people want to learn and that work is their natural activity to the extent that they self-discipline and self-development. They see their reward not so much in cash payments as in the freedom to do difficult and challenging work by them-selves. The manager’s job is to ‘dovetail’ the human wish for self-development into the organisations need for maximum productive efficiency. The basic objectives of both are therefore met and with imagination and sincerity, the enormous potential can be tapped. Theory ‘Z’ – Abraham Maslow * This is a refreshing change from theory X of Freud, by a fellow psychologist, Abraham Maslow. Maslow totally rejects the dark and dingy Freudian basement and takes us out into the fresh, open, sunny and cheerful atmosphere. Maslow’s central theme revolves around the meaning and significance of human work and seems to epitomize that work banishes the three great evils of boredom, vice and poverty. A man’s personality is the sum total of his works and that only his works survive a man at death. This is perhaps the essence of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, as it is more commonly known. The basic human needs, according to Maslow are physiological needs (Lowest), safety needs, love needs, esteem needs and self-actualization needs (Highest). TABLE 1| Maslows Hierarchy of Human Needs| Higher Level Needs| To Satisfy, Offer:| Self-actualization needs| Creative and challenging work| | | | | Esteem needs| Responsibility of an important job, promotion to higher status job, praise and recognition| Lower Level Needs| To Satisfy, Offer:| Social needs| Friendly co-workers, interaction with customers, pleasant supervisor| Safety needs| Safe working conditions, job security, base compensation and benefits| Physiological needs| Rest and refreshment breaks, physical comfort on the job, reasonable work hours| 3. 3 Understanding people’s perceptions, attitudes, motivations and behaviours is extremely important for achieving both managerial and organisational effectiveness. To get the very best out of people in work settings, managers constantly need knowledge about the behaviour of individuals and groups in organisation; they also need to be aware of the organisational and environmental variables that can potentially affect human behaviour. They need to understand, anticipate, modify and improve behaviours that are organisationally meaningful and relevant. The contribution of people, through their motivation and commitment, and dedicated behaviour towards the goals and objectives of the organisation remains the single most important factor in making organisations better and more effective. Some people like their jobs and work harder as well as smarter. They are also very proud of the organisations for which they work for. Other people simply dislike their jobs and would do anything just to avoid working. They would also prefer, if given the choice, to leave the work for another person to perform for them. There are many different ways in which motivational theory can be incorporated into the workplace for managers. Creating a program that incorporates motivational strategies into the organisation such as introducing new policy and procedure manual, rolling out an employee contest or developing a new feedback system. Conducting extensive training with the management staff that are responsible for employee motivation. Task 4 4. 1 Natures of groups – different types of groups are formed to achieve specific results in organisations. The definition of a group as given by Harold H. Kelley and J.W. Thibaut is â€Å"A collection of individuals. The members accept a common task, become inter-dependant in their performance, and interact with one another to promote its accomplishment. † There are three views on the nature of interaction between members of a group or group dynamics. The first view is the normative view, which describes how to carry out activities and organise a group. According to the second view, group dynamics consists of a set of techniques which include brainstorming, role play, team building, sensitivity training, self-managed teams, and transactional analysis. The third view explains group dynamics from the viewpoint of the internal nature of the groups. The formation of groups, structure, individual, other groups, and the complete organisation. Group behaviour – the structure of a group shapes the behaviour of members and performance as a group. Variable such a formal leadership, roles, norms, group status, group size, and composition of group have influence on the performance of the group. To understand group behaviour, group processes such as communication patterns, power dynamics, behaviour of the leader, conflict within the group should be understood clearly. The social loafing concept explains the differences in the performance of groups. Group processes should promote synergy where in the performance of the group is more than the sum of individual performances. The ‘social facilitation effect’ has an influence on performance of groups. According to this, there is a difference in the performance of individuals when tasks are performed in private and when performed in front of others. The group processes can be effective if the tasks are planned according to the comfort levels of peoples. 4. 2 There are many factors involved in the development of a good team. However, the three main factors in particular are communication, team balance and leadership. Communication is clearly an important part of interpersonal interaction and, of course, teamwork is all about interpersonal interaction. Open communication is a fundamental part of good teamwork in so far as it allows team members to understand each other’s point of view, to share ideas, to express feelings and to articulate plans. Poor communication can be a major barrier to effective teamwork. Wrestling with the complexities of communications is therefore part of the challenge of developing an effective team. The balance of a team involves having people whose experience, skills, perspective, interests and contributions complement one another, rather than duplicate or counteract each other. For example, it is no good having a team full of creative people who have lots of new ideas, but do not have the people who have the stamina to see those ideas through to completion. Differences between team members can, in themselves, lead to conflict but the diversity of the team and the balance that this can achieve, will generally more than make up for any such conflicts. Leadership refers to the ability to create and sustain a positive working culture to motivate or even inspire staff to play their part in creating a work environment in which there are high standards of practice, a high level of commitment and a positive approach. A key part of leadership is ‘vision’. This refers to the ability to keep a clear focus on what the team is trying to achieve, what its objectives are in terms of its overall strategy and aims. Effective teamwork therefore depends on a good leader, the right balance of the right people and the channels of communication remaining open between them. If these three core ingredients can be brought together, then there is every chance of a very effective and successful team developing. 4. 3 New technology has been injected into the workplace at an exponentially increasing rate over the last few decades. Many companies see new technology as the means to increase profit margins and to remain competitive in a rapidly evolving marketplace. New developments in IT have led to an increasingly mobile workforce. We are no longer tied to our desk in order to stay in the information loop. We can take our office with us wherever we go. Mobiles phones allow us to be reached almost anywhere. Blackberries and mobile laptops permit to access e-mail and other data products at a wide range of locations. A wide range of new technologies have given businesses access to faster communication, increased efficiencies, and the ability to work away from the office. New technology has opened a door of opportunities for organisation and employees willing to explore non-traditional work arrangements. As telecommunicating becomes more popular, employers are realising the benefits, including productivity gains, reduced absenteeism, reduced employee turnover costs, reduced real estate costs, and reduced relocation costs to name a few. Companies implementing new technology must also take into account the social impact. Because teamwork is a crucial element of workplace functioning. This effect may be able to be mitigated with a hybrid virtual team, where members occasionally meet in a traditional physical location. The only thing certain about the impact of technology in the workplace is that it will continue to change and evolve at an astounding rate. The organisation will need to understand the way that people – their employees and customer, will use and interact with them. Conclusion A very good reason to study organisation behaviour is to determine if the current behaviours are consistent with the future needs of the organisation. There are very good examples related to the behaviours of financial organisations. It is necessary to view the interrelationships between the development of theory, behaviour in organisations and management practise. An understanding of the development of management thinking helps in understanding principles underlying the process of management. Knowledge of the history helps in understanding the nature of management and organisation behaviour. And many earlier ideas are still important and are often incorporated into modern current management thinking. Theory provides a sound basis for action but if the action is to be effective the theory must be adequate and appropriate to the task and to improved organisational performance.

Exercise in Writing With Specific Details

Exercise in Writing With Specific Details Specific details create word pictures that can make your writing easier to understand and more interesting to read. This exercise will give you practice in revising sentences to make them more concrete and specific. Instructions Revise the following sentences to make them more concrete and specific. ExampleThe sun came up.At 6:27 on March third, the sun rose in a cloudless sky and flooded the earth with liquid gold. The food in the cafeteria was unappealing.We painted part of the garage.She sat by herself in the coffee shop.The kitchen was a mess.Marie looked sad.I waved to my pet.The car sped away.The waiter seemed to be impatient and annoyed.He was hurt in a boating accident.I felt tired after practice.She enjoys listening to music.There was a strange smell in the attic.The movie was stupid and boring.She ate lunch at a restaurant with her sister.It was noisy in the room.

Shortcomings in WHP Management Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Shortcomings in WHP Management Style - Essay Example The management is required to follow the guidelines laid down by the Healthcare Commission. Some of the highlights of the commission’s recommendations that are followed here are sound clinical and organisational management, and assessed and managed risks; supporting staff to raise any concerns about the quality of care or services provided to patients; having systems in place to support all staff in their development, including the minority groups; storing, using and dissemination of information about patients; to make sure that healthcare staff are appropriately recruited, trained and qualified; making sure that staff continue to develop their professional skills and to make sure that national guidelines for carrying out research are followed throughout the organisation.   The management is through a committee of ten medical practitioners that is headed by a Chairman who is the manager of the facility and policies are framed according to normal NHS guidelines outlined above. WHP scores a fair result in the services that it offers to its captive population and it appears that it is perceived as an average performer in its services. The pursuit of this report is to find the shortcomings in its management style and to make recommendations to overcome them. Management Styles are of three kinds; Autocratic, Consultative and Democratic. As the names suggest, the first is where the leader independently declares policy and the organization have no choice but to follow it. In a Consultative set up the leader seeks opinions from all departmental heads and then formulates policy. In the Democratic setup opinions from the rank and file have a bearing on the final policy and the leader is more like a guide and mentor.

Risk Assessment of Strident Marks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Risk Assessment of Strident Marks - Essay Example This also computes a covariance of returns between any the stocks and the market value where they have positive covariance, and those that move in opposite directions will have negative covariance. The expected return and variance of several stocks, a portfolio of these stocks that has a desired variance (risk) with a certain expected return. The expected return is the measurement of investment risk, what variances can be expected by the amount of investment. CAPM formula. The CAPM formula is: Beta is the overall risk in investing in a large market, like the New York Stock Exchange Beta is the R-squared statistic found in the regression analysis. The Beta of a Strident Marks is risk compared to the Beta (Risk) of the overall market. Beta indicates the volatility of the security, relative to the asset class (Frontline Systems, Inc. 2006). In conclusion, the Beta statistic defined by R-Square is positive 1 in the Market analysis, and 0.004 in the Stock analysis, it can be assumed, provided that the stock and market follow a normal distribution, that the stock holds a 40% greater risk than that market

Freedom Of Speech And Expression Philosophy Essay

Freedom Of Speech And Expression Philosophy Essay Critically analyze the following statement, which is often attributed to Voltaire I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it. All humans live in societies. In these societies rules of behavior are very important in order for people to treat their fellow human beings equally. These rules of behavior are commonly called human rights. Human Rights are universal and thus apply to all people on the basis of being human regardless sex, race, nationality, sexual orientation, political opinion or any other status. As Michael Douglas said Human Rights for everyone is the necessary foundation upon which all of us may build a world where everybody may live in peace and serenity and plenty.   In this course of paper we are going to examine the right to freedom of expression which has seized particular importance. This will be achieved by discussing a famous quotation which is usually attributed to Voltaire; I may disapprove of what you say but I will fight to death for your right to say it. Through this quotation we are going to see and understand the importance of this valuable right in our societies. During our discussion we should always bear in mind that none of the fundamental freedoms, including freedom of expression, is absolute. Main Body Origin of the quotation To start with, although there are more ancient precedents, freedom of expression as it is known today has its basis from the period of Enlightenment. One of the philosophers and political thinkers of that period was Voltaire, a French thinker, who believed strongly in freedom of expression and was a significant contributor to Enlightenment movement. The well known phrase I may disapprove of what you say but I will fight to death for your right to say it is widely attributed to him but it cannot be found in his writings. This can be easily understood since the phrase was firstly appeared in The friends of Voltaire written by Evelyn Beatrice Hall. Hall claimed that this phrase was an epitome of Voltaires attitude and that she has paraphrased Voltaires words; Think for yourselves and let others enjoy the privilege to do so too, in his essay of Tolerance. International standards As indicated in the introduction, the importance of the free expression as a basic and valuable characteristic of democratic society cannot be underestimated. As a result the development of international human rights system which serves as a framework for freedom of expression is of particular interest. All major human rights treaties protect this right: article 10 of the European Convention of Human Rights, article 19 of international covenant on civil and political rights, article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and article 9 of the African Charter on Human and People Rights. Freedom of Expression and its importance As we have seen I am using freedom of expression instead of freedom of speech since I view the latter as an umbrella that incorporates the former. Freedom of expression is wider since it includes any form of communication that is capable of conveying meaning. For example behinds including words; it is used for pictures, images, sounds, non-verbal communication etc. As Michael Jackson said The meaning of life is contained in every single expression of life. In practice, freedom of expression serves many functions which are related to each other. First of all, a classic defense of the right to freedom of expression is the one that John Stuart Mill argued On Liberty in 1859. He stated that nobody has the monopoly of truthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.Anyone has the right to express their views and opinions because truth is not a monopoly term. If people disagree with minoritys opinion should use counter arguments and not suppression. As it was stated in Bose Corporation v Consumers Union  [1]  freedom to speak ones mind is not only of individual liberty but also essential to the common quest for truth and the vitality of society as a whole. Generally in Europeans court of human rights case law, it has been made clear that freedom of expression is guaranteed not only with respect to popular and favorably receivable ideas or information, but also to those that offend shock or disturb. Furthermore, its vital role in ensuring democracy is undisputable and it has been recognized by scholars and judgments of international and national courts. For example In Handyside v UK  [2]  it was stated that freedom of expression in one of the essential foundations of a democratic society and one of the basic conditions for its progress and for the development of every man and woman. As Thomas Carlyle said Every human being has the right to hear what other human beings have spoken to him. It is one of the Rights of Men; a very cruel injustice if you deny it to a man. As it was also stated in Castells v Spain  [3]  it enables everyone to participate in political which is at the core of the concept of democratic society. Philosopher Alexander Meiklejohn argues that the concept of democracy is that of self government by the people. For such a system to work an informed electorate and free flow of information and ideas is necessary. If citizens are able to exercise their righ ts effectively, their wishes would be taken into account and also tyranny, corruption and ineptitude would be restrained. This can only be achieved through open discussion, exchange of opinions in which citizens can have the opportunity to consider and debate alternative ideas. Freedom of expression is important at all levels in society but most important for government. A government which does not know how and what people feel and think is in dangerous position. When criticisms of the government are freely voiced, government has the opportunity to respond to those comments and explain its actions. Thirdly, freedom of expression is an important aspect of an individuals self fulfillment which is a desirable objective. As we all know expression is tied up with humanity since what distinguishes us from animals is the ability that we have to communicate and express our feelings. So we can understand that all people must have the opportunity to express their views; wrong or right, in order to explore and develop their own personal identity. Otherwise we would not be able to be developed both morally and intellectually as individuals and this look like a restriction of our humanity. Summarizing all these, freedom of expression has two dimensions. It has the individual dimension of not to be prevented from manifesting ones own thinking, and the collective right to receive any information and to hear expression of anothers thought.  [4]  As we can understand protection of free expression is meaningless if it does not also extend to ideas and opinions that are generally not acceptable. When citizens are unable to talk to each other, they will increasingly talk against each other, and thus will increasingly misunderstand and mistrust each other.  [5]  As we have seen in many cases of the European court of Human Rights it was said that defense of offensive opinions is one of the demands of pluralism, tolerance and broadmindness without which we can not talk about democratic society. Tolerance is integral and a basic value in our societies. Protecting unpopular opinions is itself an act of tolerance. Also John Stuart Mill supported the idea that we must active ly work against the tyranny of majority opinion. The fact that majority holds an opinion does not necessarily makes it to be true. For example, regarding decision-making we have to consider range of ideas, and a decision is likely to be better if it does not underestimate opinions, interests and needs of minority. Liberals like Voltaire encourage open verbal and written debate, free flow of arguments, free press, art etc. Generally they support that only through open discourse we can learn from others and also encourage others to learn from us. If we not value toleration for unpopular opinions, then we reject our right to live in a tolerant society. As Nigel Warburton said commitment to free speech involves protecting the speech that you dont want to hear as well as the speech that you do. This means that is not enough to express what you want but also not prevent others from doing so. Freedom of Expression and its limits (briefly) However its importance, right of expression may be subjected to some restrictions for respect of rights of other or other values. As Judge Oliver Wendell Holmes stated free speech does not allow one to shout Fire in a crowded theatre. By this he meant that good ideas are those which survive the criticisms and are allowed for further development, in contrast with bad ideas which do not survive criticisms at all. Limitations for freedom of expression may follow the harm or the offence principle. John Stuart Mill introduced what is known as harm principle, stating that freedom of expression can be restricted in order to prevent harm to others. In contrast Joel Feinberg introduced offence principle, arguing that Mills harm principle does not provide sufficient protection against the wrongful behaviors of others. He suggested that some factors must be taken into account when applying his principle. Nowadays although the wording in article 10 paragraph 2 of the European Convention of Human Rights and article 19 paragraph 3 of international covenant on civil and political rights differs, the case law has proved that limitations to freedom of expression are relatively the same in both articles. Although both articles are important we are going just to see briefly the European test. Restrictions can only be applied if they meet the three-part test made by ECtHR  [6]  . Thus they must be prescribed by law, serve a specific legitimate aim and also be necessary in a democratic society. When assessing the restrictions we must always bear in mind the test of proportionality and also each countrys margin of appreciation. Conclusion To sum up all the above, we come to the conclusion that freedom of expression is important for the growth of our species. Our world is increasingly integrated, thus we have to be mature enough to understand that such integration comes with things that we may not want to see and with ideas, opinions and views that we may not like and may not want to hear. Based on the fact that freedom of expression is the most important ability of human beings, every person should have the right to express itself. As the Desmond Tutu maintained the more we recognize people as people, the more we are recognized as people ourselves; and vice versa: the more we degrade other people, the more we debase ourselves further and further away from being fully human. Generally as what Noam Chomsky has stated in the twentieth century If you believe in freedom of speech, you believe in freedom of speech for views you dont like. Stalin and Hitler, for example, were dictators in favor of speech for views they liked only. If youre in favor of freedom of speech, that means youre in favor of freedom of speech precisely for views you despise.  [7]  However we must know that although freedom of expression is a precious gift for people it must not exceeds its limits, thus why restrictions related to this right can be easily understood. After all the above analysis I would like to close, with the main theme of this paper I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.

Essay about Curley’s wife -- English Literature

Essay about Curley’s wife Curley’s wife is the only female character in the novel Of Mice of Men; Curley’s wife is never given a name and is only referred to in reference to her husband. Like the other people on the ranch, she is very lonely and has dreams of a better life which never come true. The author John Steinbeck introduces Curley’s wife in a symbolic ness way, this is shown when George is talking to Lennie about the dream and when Curley’s wife first meets both the men. â€Å"Both men glanced up, for the rectangle of sunshine in the doorway was cut off. A girl was standing there looking in.† The symbolic ness of the word sunshine is hope, freedom, happiness and dreams. This foreshadows that she may cause trouble or come in the way and could ruin it all for Lennie and George. Steinbeck also describes her as a ‘girl’, which tells us that she is very playful, childish and vulnerable. Curley’s wife is trying to make her self attractive by applying make up and dressing up as if she was going to a party. This is clear shown as Steinbeck describes her â€Å"She had full, rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes† This suggests she is trying to be provocative and incongruous. Curley’s wife also wears red, red gives the symbolic ness of danger and seductiveness. Curley’s wife is described â€Å"Heavily made up. Her fingernails were red. Her hair hung in little rolled clusters, like sausages. She wore a cotton house dress and red mules, on the insteps of which were little bouquets of red ostrich feathers.† Again the red on her fingernails and the red mules are symbolic to danger. Steinbeck is again suggesting that women are trouble makers who ruin everything for the men. Curley’s wife is in a ranch and she dresses up as if... ...alk.† Steinbeck is clearly suggesting that not a single person would trust each other on the ranch. The presentation of Curley’s wife’s death was astonishing due to the way Steinbeck described her after the death. Steinbeck is suggesting that she was under pressure, trying to gain attention and she was mean. Steinbeck described her as she was â€Å"the meanness and the planning’s and the discontent and the ache for attention were all gone from her face. She was very pretty and simple, and her face was sweet and young† This suggest that she was under pressure all the time but when she died everything was just normal. It also suggests that the entire ache for attention was just gone and a simple beautiful woman was lying dead. Overall Steinbeck is suggesting that all the characters are cruel because they’re powerless and they all want to exercise their power.

Salt: A World History

This book was chosen for review because I was looking for a book that has a history of salt and how it affects us today. Mark Kurlansky, the author of this book, earned a BA in Theater from Butler University in 1970. He has worked as a playwright at Brooklyn College, a commercial fisherman, a dock worker, a paralegal, a cook, and a pastry chef. He worked as a journalist for many companies which are, The International Herald Tribune, The Chicago Tribune, The Miami Herald, and The Philadelphia Inquirer.He had twenty-five books published and received the Pluma Plata award for Salt among many other awards. In the introduction of the book, Mark Kurlansky states how he bought a rock of salt in Cardona. He explains how the rock changed from being dry to having a puddle under it as the weather changed. He states that a person who does think that a fascination with salt is bizarre, then they have never own a rock like the one he had. Mark Kurlansky wrote this book because he is fascinated by salt and wanted to write about the history of salt and how it has been used through all these years.He wanted to provide insight of how salt is valuable to us humans. In the introduction of Salt, Kurlansky talks about his view on salt and the people and how it was used throughout history. He includes Welsh Jungian psychologist Ernest Jones input on human obsession with salt. He also includes a list from the book â€Å"One Hundred and One Uses for Diamond Crystal Salt†, by the Diamond Crystal Salt Company of St. Clair, Michigan. One of these uses is that salt keeps the colors bright on boiled vegetables.Part One is titled A Discourse on Salt, Cadavers, and Pungent Sauces and includes six chapters. At the introduction of part one there is a quote that states â€Å"A country is never as poor as when it seems filled with riches† by Laozi quoted in the Yan tie lun, A Discourse on Salt and Iron, 81 B. C. In chapter one, he explains how because of Lake Yuncheng, a lake of sal ty water in China, caused many wars because many civilizations were fighting for it.In chapter two, Kurlansky correctly explains how salt was used to preserve fish, birds by the technique of disembowelment and salting. Also, he includes how the Egyptian people bodies were preserved because of the dry, salty desert sand that they were buried in. In chapter three, the discovery of salt miners in the Durnberg mountain mine. The bodies were dried and preserved and the bright colors of their clothing was preserved by the salt. Salt: A World History This book was chosen for review because I was looking for a book that has a history of salt and how it affects us today. Mark Kurlansky, the author of this book, earned a BA in Theater from Butler University in 1970. He has worked as a playwright at Brooklyn College, a commercial fisherman, a dock worker, a paralegal, a cook, and a pastry chef. He worked as a journalist for many companies which are, The International Herald Tribune, The Chicago Tribune, The Miami Herald, and The Philadelphia Inquirer.He had twenty-five books published and received the Pluma Plata award for Salt among many other awards. In the introduction of the book, Mark Kurlansky states how he bought a rock of salt in Cardona. He explains how the rock changed from being dry to having a puddle under it as the weather changed. He states that a person who does think that a fascination with salt is bizarre, then they have never own a rock like the one he had. Mark Kurlansky wrote this book because he is fascinated by salt and wanted to write about the history of salt and how it has been used through all these years.He wanted to provide insight of how salt is valuable to us humans. In the introduction of Salt, Kurlansky talks about his view on salt and the people and how it was used throughout history. He includes Welsh Jungian psychologist Ernest Jones input on human obsession with salt. He also includes a list from the book â€Å"One Hundred and One Uses for Diamond Crystal Salt†, by the Diamond Crystal Salt Company of St. Clair, Michigan. One of these uses is that salt keeps the colors bright on boiled vegetables.Part One is titled A Discourse on Salt, Cadavers, and Pungent Sauces and includes six chapters. At the introduction of part one there is a quote that states â€Å"A country is never as poor as when it seems filled with riches† by Laozi quoted in the Yan tie lun, A Discourse on Salt and Iron, 81 B. C. In chapter one, he explains how because of Lake Yuncheng, a lake of sal ty water in China, caused many wars because many civilizations were fighting for it.In chapter two, Kurlansky correctly explains how salt was used to preserve fish, birds by the technique of disembowelment and salting. Also, he includes how the Egyptian people bodies were preserved because of the dry, salty desert sand that they were buried in. In chapter three, the discovery of salt miners in the Durnberg mountain mine. The bodies were dried and preserved and the bright colors of their clothing was preserved by the salt.